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In-Depth Comparison of IEC 61131-3 Programming Languages: Ladder, ST, FBD, SFC

This technical article details and compares the four primary programming languages defined by the IEC 61131-3 standard: Ladder Diagram (LD), Structured Text (ST), Function Block Diagram (FBD), and Sequential Function Chart (SFC). It explores their paradigms, advantages, disadvantages, and optimal use cases in industrial automation, integrating cybersecurity considerations (IEC 62443) and demonstrative code snippets.